Liste over integraler av trigonometriske funksjoner

Mal:Trigonometri Det følgende er en liste over integraler (antideriverte funksjoner) av trigonometriske funksjoner. For antideriverte som involverer både eksponentialfunksjoner og trigonometriske funksjoner, se Liste over integraler av eksponentialfunksjoner. For en liste over antideriverte funksjoner, se lister over integraler. Se også trigonometrisk integral.

Generelt, hvis funksjonen $\sin (x)$ er en hvilken som helst trigonometrisk funksjon, og $\cos (x)$ er dens deriverte,

$\int a\cos nxdx=\frac{a}{n}\sin nx+c$

I alle formler antas konstanten a å være forskjellige fra null, og C betegner integrasjonskonstanten.

Integrander som bare involverer sinus

$\int \sin axdx=-\frac{1}{a}\cos ax+C$

$\int {\sin }^{2}axdx=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{4a}\sin 2ax+C=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\sin ax\cos ax+C$

$\int x{\sin }^{2}axdx=\frac{x^2}{4}-\frac{x}{4a}\sin 2ax-\frac{1}{8a^2}\cos 2ax+C$

$\int x^2{\sin }^{2}axdx=\frac{x^3}{6}-(\frac{x^2}{4a}-\frac{1}{8a^3})\sin 2ax-\frac{x}{4a^2}\cos 2ax+C$

$\int \sin b_{1}x\sin b_{2}xdx=\frac{\sin ((b_1-b_2)x)}{2(b_1-b_2)}-\frac{\sin ((b_1+b_2)x)}{2(b_1+b_2)}+C\text{(for }|b_1|\ne |b_2|\text{)}$

$\int {\sin }^{n}axdx=-\frac{{\sin }^{n-1}ax\cos ax}{na}+\frac{n-1}{n}\int {\sin }^{n-2}axdx\text{(for }n>0\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{\sin ax}=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\tan \frac{ax}{2}|+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{{\sin }^{n}ax}=\frac{\cos ax}{a(1-n){\sin }^{n-1}ax}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \frac{dx}{{\sin }^{n-2}ax}\text{(for }n>1\text{)}$

$\int x\sin axdx=\frac{\sin ax}{a^2}-\frac{x\cos ax}{a}+C$

$\int x^n\sin axdx=-\frac{x^n}{a}\cos ax+\frac{n}{a}\int x^{n-1}\cos axdx=\sum _{k=0}^{2k\le n}(-1{)}^{k+1}\frac{x^{n-2k}}{a^{1+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k)!}\cos ax+\sum _{k=0}^{2k+1\le n}(-1{)}^k\frac{x^{n-1-2k}}{a^{2+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k-1)!}\sin ax\text{(for }n>0\text{)}$

$\underset{\frac{-a}{2}}{\overset{\frac{a}{2}}{\int }}{x}^2{\sin }^2\frac{n\pi x}{a}dx=\frac{a^3(n^2{\pi }^2-6)}{24n^2{\pi }^2}\text{(for }n=2,4,6...\text{)}$

$\int \frac{\sin ax}{x}dx=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}(-1{)}^n\frac{(ax{)}^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)\cdot (2n+1)!}+C$

$\int \frac{\sin ax}{x^n}dx=-\frac{\sin ax}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}+\frac{a}{n-1}\int \frac{\cos ax}{x^{n-1}}dx$

$\int \frac{dx}{1\pm \sin ax}=\frac{1}{a}\tan (\frac{ax}{2}\mp \frac{\pi }{4})+C$

$\int \frac{xdx}{1+\sin ax}=\frac{x}{a}\tan (\frac{ax}{2}-\frac{\pi }{4})+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln |\cos (\frac{ax}{2}-\frac{\pi }{4})|+C$

$\int \frac{xdx}{1-\sin ax}=\frac{x}{a}\cot (\frac{\pi }{4}-\frac{ax}{2})+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln |\sin (\frac{\pi }{4}-\frac{ax}{2})|+C$

$\int \frac{\sin axdx}{1\pm \sin ax}=\pm x+\frac{1}{a}\tan (\frac{\pi }{4}\mp \frac{ax}{2})+C$

Integrander som bare involverer cosinus

$\int \cos axdx=\frac{1}{a}\sin ax+C$

$\int {\cos }^{2}axdx=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{4a}\sin 2ax+C=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\sin ax\cos ax+C$

$\int {\cos }^{n}axdx=\frac{{\cos }^{n-1}ax\sin ax}{na}+\frac{n-1}{n}\int {\cos }^{n-2}axdx\text{(for }n>0\text{)}$

$\int x\cos axdx=\frac{\cos ax}{a^2}+\frac{x\sin ax}{a}+C$

$\int x^2{\cos }^{2}axdx=\frac{x^3}{6}+(\frac{x^2}{4a}-\frac{1}{8a^3})\sin 2ax+\frac{x}{4a^2}\cos 2ax+C$

$\int x^n\cos axdx=\frac{x^n\sin ax}{a}-\frac{n}{a}\int x^{n-1}\sin axdx=\sum _{k=0}^{2k+1\le n}(-1{)}^k\frac{x^{n-2k-1}}{a^{2+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k-1)!}\cos ax+\sum _{k=0}^{2k\le n}(-1{)}^k\frac{x^{n-2k}}{a^{1+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k)!}\sin ax$

$\int \frac{\cos ax}{x}dx=\ln |ax|+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}(-1{)}^k\frac{(ax{)}^{2k}}{2k\cdot (2k)!}+C$

$\int \frac{\cos ax}{x^n}dx=-\frac{\cos ax}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}-\frac{a}{n-1}\int \frac{\sin ax}{x^{n-1}}dx\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{\cos ax}=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\tan (\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi }{4})|+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{{\cos }^{n}ax}=\frac{\sin ax}{a(n-1){\cos }^{n-1}ax}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \frac{dx}{{\cos }^{n-2}ax}\text{(for }n>1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{1+\cos ax}=\frac{1}{a}\tan \frac{ax}{2}+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{1-\cos ax}=-\frac{1}{a}\cot \frac{ax}{2}+C$

$\int \frac{xdx}{1+\cos ax}=\frac{x}{a}\tan \frac{ax}{2}+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln |\cos \frac{ax}{2}|+C$

$\int \frac{xdx}{1-\cos ax}=-\frac{x}{a}\cot \frac{ax}{2}+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln |\sin \frac{ax}{2}|+C$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{1+\cos ax}=x-\frac{1}{a}\tan \frac{ax}{2}+C$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{1-\cos ax}=-x-\frac{1}{a}\cot \frac{ax}{2}+C$

$\int \cos a_{1}x\cos a_{2}xdx=\frac{\sin (a_1-a_2)x}{2(a_1-a_2)}+\frac{\sin (a_1+a_2)x}{2(a_1+a_2)}+C\text{(for }|a_1|\ne |a_2|\text{)}$

Integrander som bare involverer tangens

$\int \tan axdx=-\frac{1}{a}\ln |\cos ax|+C=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\sec ax|+C$

$\int {\tan }^{n}axdx=\frac{1}{a(n-1)}{\tan }^{n-1}ax-\int {\tan }^{n-2}axdx\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{q\tan ax+p}=\frac{1}{p^2+q^2}(px+\frac{q}{a}\ln |q\sin ax+p\cos ax|)+C\text{(for }{p}^2+q^2\ne 0\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{\tan ax}=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\sin ax|+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{\tan ax+1}=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax+\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{\tan ax-1}=-\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax-\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{\tan axdx}{\tan ax+1}=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax+\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{\tan axdx}{\tan ax-1}=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax-\cos ax|+C$

Integrander som bare involverer secans

I det 17. århundre var integralet av secansfunksjonen temaet for en velkjent formodning fremsatt i 1640-årene av Henry Bond. Problemet ble løst av Isaac Barrow Det var opprinnelig nødvendig for kartografi. Se Integralet av secansfunksjonen.

$\int \sec axdx=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\sec ax+\tan ax|+C$

$\int {\sec }^{2}xdx=\tan x+C$

$\int {\sec }^{n}axdx=\frac{{\sec }^{n-1}ax\tan ax}{a(n-1)}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int {\sec }^{n-2}axdx\text{ (for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int {\sec }^{n}xdx=\frac{{\sec }^{n-2}x\tan x}{n-1}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int {\sec }^{n-2}xdx$

$\int \frac{dx}{\sec x+1}=x-\tan \frac{x}{2}+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{\sec x-1}=-x-\cot \frac{x}{2}+C$

Integrander som bare involverer cosecans

$\int \csc axdx=-\frac{1}{a}\ln |\csc ax+\cot ax|+C$

$\int {\csc }^{2}xdx=-\cot x+C$

$\int {\csc }^{n}axdx=-\frac{{\csc }^{n-1}ax\cos ax}{a(n-1)}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int {\csc }^{n-2}axdx\text{ (for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{\csc x+1}=x-\frac{2\sin \frac{x}{2}}{\cos \frac{x}{2}+\sin \frac{x}{2}}+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{\csc x-1}=\frac{2\sin \frac{x}{2}}{\cos \frac{x}{2}-\sin \frac{x}{2}}-x+C$

Integrander som bare involverer cotangens

$\int \cot axdx=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\sin ax|+C$

$\int {\cot }^{n}axdx=-\frac{1}{a(n-1)}{\cot }^{n-1}ax-\int {\cot }^{n-2}axdx\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{1+\cot ax}=\int \frac{\tan axdx}{\tan ax+1}$

$\int \frac{dx}{1-\cot ax}=\int \frac{\tan axdx}{\tan ax-1}$

Integrander som involverer både sinus og cosinus

$\int \frac{dx}{\cos ax\pm \sin ax}=\frac{1}{a\sqrt{2}}\ln |\tan (\frac{ax}{2}\pm \frac{\pi }{8})|+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{(\cos ax\pm \sin ax{)}^2}=\frac{1}{2a}\tan (ax\mp \frac{\pi }{4})+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{(\cos x+\sin x{)}^n}=\frac{1}{n-1}(\frac{\sin x-\cos x}{(\cos x+\sin x{)}^{n-1}}-2(n-2)\int \frac{dx}{(\cos x+\sin x{)}^{n-2}})$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{\cos ax+\sin ax}=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax+\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{\cos ax-\sin ax}=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax-\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{\sin axdx}{\cos ax+\sin ax}=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax+\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{\sin axdx}{\cos ax-\sin ax}=-\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\sin ax-\cos ax|+C$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{\sin ax(1+\cos ax)}=-\frac{1}{4a}{\tan }^2\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\tan \frac{ax}{2}|+C$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{\sin ax(1-\cos ax)}=-\frac{1}{4a}{\cot }^2\frac{ax}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\tan \frac{ax}{2}|+C$

$\int \frac{\sin axdx}{\cos ax(1+\sin ax)}=\frac{1}{4a}{\cot }^2(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi }{4})+\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\tan (\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi }{4})|+C$

$\int \frac{\sin axdx}{\cos ax(1-\sin ax)}=\frac{1}{4a}{\tan }^2(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi }{4})-\frac{1}{2a}\ln |\tan (\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi }{4})|+C$

$\int \sin ax\cos axdx=-\frac{1}{2a}{\cos }^{2}ax+C$

$\int \sin a_{1}x\cos a_{2}xdx=-\frac{\cos ((a_1-a_2)x)}{2(a_1-a_2)}-\frac{\cos ((a_1+a_2)x)}{2(a_1+a_2)}+C\text{(for }|a_1|\ne |a_2|\text{)}$

$\int {\sin }^{n}ax\cos axdx=\frac{1}{a(n+1)}{\sin }^{n+1}ax+C\text{(for }n\ne -1\text{)}$

$\int \sin ax{\cos }^{n}axdx=-\frac{1}{a(n+1)}{\cos }^{n+1}ax+C\text{(for }n\ne -1\text{)}$

$\int {\sin }^{n}ax{\cos }^{m}axdx=-\frac{{\sin }^{n-1}ax{\cos }^{m+1}ax}{a(n+m)}+\frac{n-1}{n+m}\int {\sin }^{n-2}ax{\cos }^{m}axdx\text{(for }m,n>0\text{)}$

også: $\int {\sin }^{n}ax{\cos }^{m}axdx=\frac{{\sin }^{n+1}ax{\cos }^{m-1}ax}{a(n+m)}+\frac{m-1}{n+m}\int {\sin }^{n}ax{\cos }^{m-2}axdx\text{(for }m,n>0\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{\sin ax\cos ax}=\frac{1}{a}\ln |\tan ax|+C$

$\int \frac{dx}{\sin ax{\cos }^{n}ax}=\frac{1}{a(n-1){\cos }^{n-1}ax}+\int \frac{dx}{\sin ax{\cos }^{n-2}ax}\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{dx}{{\sin }^{n}ax\cos ax}=-\frac{1}{a(n-1){\sin }^{n-1}ax}+\int \frac{dx}{{\sin }^{n-2}ax\cos ax}\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{\sin axdx}{{\cos }^{n}ax}=\frac{1}{a(n-1){\cos }^{n-1}ax}+C\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{{\sin }^{2}axdx}{\cos ax}=-\frac{1}{a}\sin ax+\frac{1}{a}\ln |\tan (\frac{\pi }{4}+\frac{ax}{2})|+C$

$\int \frac{{\sin }^{2}axdx}{{\cos }^{n}ax}=\frac{\sin ax}{a(n-1){\cos }^{n-1}ax}-\frac{1}{n-1}\int \frac{dx}{{\cos }^{n-2}ax}\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{{\sin }^{n}axdx}{\cos ax}=-\frac{{\sin }^{n-1}ax}{a(n-1)}+\int \frac{{\sin }^{n-2}axdx}{\cos ax}\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{{\sin }^{n}axdx}{{\cos }^{m}ax}=\frac{{\sin }^{n+1}ax}{a(m-1){\cos }^{m-1}ax}-\frac{n-m+2}{m-1}\int \frac{{\sin }^{n}axdx}{{\cos }^{m-2}ax}\text{(for }m\ne 1\text{)}$

også: $\int \frac{{\sin }^{n}axdx}{{\cos }^{m}ax}=-\frac{{\sin }^{n-1}ax}{a(n-m){\cos }^{m-1}ax}+\frac{n-1}{n-m}\int \frac{{\sin }^{n-2}axdx}{{\cos }^{m}ax}\text{(for }m\ne n\text{)}$

også: $\int \frac{{\sin }^{n}axdx}{{\cos }^{m}ax}=\frac{{\sin }^{n-1}ax}{a(m-1){\cos }^{m-1}ax}-\frac{n-1}{m-1}\int \frac{{\sin }^{n-2}axdx}{{\cos }^{m-2}ax}\text{(for }m\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{\cos axdx}{{\sin }^{n}ax}=-\frac{1}{a(n-1){\sin }^{n-1}ax}+C\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{{\cos }^{2}axdx}{\sin ax}=\frac{1}{a}(\cos ax+\ln |\tan \frac{ax}{2}|)+C$

$\int \frac{{\cos }^{2}axdx}{{\sin }^{n}ax}=-\frac{1}{n-1}(\frac{\cos ax}{a{\sin }^{n-1}ax)}+\int \frac{dx}{{\sin }^{n-2}ax})\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

$\int \frac{{\cos }^{n}axdx}{{\sin }^{m}ax}=-\frac{{\cos }^{n+1}ax}{a(m-1){\sin }^{m-1}ax}-\frac{n-m-2}{m-1}\int \frac{{\cos }^{n}axdx}{{\sin }^{m-2}ax}\text{(for }m\ne 1\text{)}$

også: $\int \frac{{\cos }^{n}axdx}{{\sin }^{m}ax}=\frac{{\cos }^{n-1}ax}{a(n-m){\sin }^{m-1}ax}+\frac{n-1}{n-m}\int \frac{{\cos }^{n-2}axdx}{{\sin }^{m}ax}\text{(for }m\ne n\text{)}$

også: $\int \frac{{\cos }^{n}axdx}{{\sin }^{m}ax}=-\frac{{\cos }^{n-1}ax}{a(m-1){\sin }^{m-1}ax}-\frac{n-1}{m-1}\int \frac{{\cos }^{n-2}axdx}{{\sin }^{m-2}ax}\text{(for }m\ne 1\text{)}$

Integrander som involverer både sinus og tangens

$\int \sin ax\tan axdx=\frac{1}{a}(\ln |\sec ax+\tan ax|-\sin ax)+C$

$\int \frac{{\tan }^{n}axdx}{{\sin }^{2}ax}=\frac{1}{a(n-1)}{\tan }^{n-1}(ax)+C\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

Integrander som involverer både cosinus og tangens

$\int \frac{{\tan }^{n}axdx}{{\cos }^{2}ax}=\frac{1}{a(n+1)}{\tan }^{n+1}ax+C\text{(for }n\ne -1\text{)}$

Integrander som involverer både sinus og cotangens

$\int \frac{{\cot }^{n}axdx}{{\sin }^{2}ax}=\frac{1}{a(n+1)}{\cot }^{n+1}ax+C\text{(for }n\ne -1\text{)}$

Integrander som involverer både cosinus og cotangens

$\int \frac{{\cot }^{n}axdx}{{\cos }^{2}ax}=\frac{1}{a(1-n)}{\tan }^{1-n}ax+C\text{(for }n\ne 1\text{)}$

Integraler med symmetriske grenser

$\underset{-c}{\overset{c}{\int }}\sin xdx=0$

$\underset{-c}{\overset{c}{\int }}\cos xdx=2\underset{0}{\overset{c}{\int }}\cos xdx=2\underset{-c}{\overset{0}{\int }}\cos xdx=2\sin c$

$\underset{-c}{\overset{c}{\int }}\tan xdx=0$

$\underset{-\frac{a}{2}}{\overset{\frac{a}{2}}{\int }}{x}^2{\cos }^2\frac{n\pi x}{a}dx=\frac{a^3(n^2{\pi }^2-6)}{24n^2{\pi }^2}\text{(for }n=1,3,5...\text{)}$